What is the term used for a benefit that is enjoyed by a person beyond the common advantage of other citizens?

The term that describes a benefit enjoyed by a person that goes beyond the common advantage of other citizens is "privilege." In the context of social or legal standings, a privilege refers to a special entitlement or advantage that is not available to everyone and is often granted based on circumstances such as status, relationships, or specific qualifications.

Privileges can manifest in various ways, such as preferential treatment in legal situations, access to resources that are not available to the general public, or benefits that enhance one’s social standing. This concept highlights the inherent inequities that can exist within a system, illustrating that not all individuals have equal access to the same benefits or advantages.

In contrast, rights are generally considered universal across all citizens; benefits can be more general and imply any advantageous outcome; and access typically refers to the ability to approach or enter a place or situation, but doesn’t necessarily imply exclusivity or special entitlement like privilege does. Thus, "privilege" captures the nuance of an exclusive benefit that is not universally shared.